Methods for using anti-αvβ3 integrin antibody

ABSTRACT

Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the α v β 3  integrin receptor complex, but do not significantly bind to α IIb β IIIa , can be used in methods for treating α v β 3  integrin-mediated diseases, such as tunor metastasis.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/043,854, filed Apr. 11, 1997.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to antibodies which are useful as α_(v)β₃ integrin antagonists and as such are useful in pharmaceutical compositions and in methods for treating conditions mediated by α_(v)β₃ by inhibiting or antagonizing α_(v)β₃ integrins.

2. Background of the Invention

Integrins are a group of cell surface glycoproteins that mediate cell adhesion and therefore are mediators of cell adhesion interactions that occur in various biological processes. Integrins are heterodimers composed of noncovalently linked α and β polypeptide subunits. Currently at least eleven different α subunits have been identified and at least six different β subunits have been identified. The various α subunits can combine with various β subunits to form distinct integrins.

The integrin identified as α_(v)β₃ (also known as the vitronectin receptor) has been identified as an integrin that plays a role in various conditions or disease states including tumor metastasis, solid tumor growth (neoplasia), osteoporosis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, angiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis, retinopathy, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, psoriasis and smooth muscle cell migration (e.g. restenosis). Additionally, it has been found that such integrin inhibiting agents would be useful as antivirals, antifungals and antimicrobials. Thus, antibodies that selectively inhibit or antagonize α_(v)β₃ would be beneficial for treating such conditions.

It has been shown that the α_(v)β₃ integrin binds to a number of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) containing matrix macromolecules, such as fibrinogen (Bennett et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 80 (1983) 2417), fibronectin (Ginsberg et al., J. Clin. Invest., Vol. 71 (1983) 619-624), and von Willebrand factor (Ruggeri et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 79 (1982) 6038-6041). Compounds containing the RGD sequence mimic extracellular matrix ligands so as to bind to cell surface receptors. However, it is also known that RGD peptides in general are non-selective for RGD dependent integrins. For example, most RGD peptides that bind to α_(v)β₃ also bind to α_(v)β₅, α_(v)β₁, and α_(IIb)β_(IIIa). Antagonism of platelet α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) (also known as the fibrinogen receptor) is known to block platelet aggregation in humans. In order to avoid bleeding side-effects when treating the conditions of disease states associated with the integrin α_(v)β₃, it would be beneficial to develop selective antagonists of α_(v)β₃ as opposed to α_(IIb)β_(IIIa). Antibodies selective for α_(v)β₃ offer such an advantage.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for treating tumor metastasis, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an anti-α_(v)β₃ integrin monoclonal antibody. In a preferred embodiment, the monoclonal antibody is complex-specific. Also provided is a method for inhibiting or preventing tumor metastasis from a tumor containing human tumor cells.

The monoclonal antibodies employed in the present methods are produced from hybridomas generated from mice immunized with human integrin α_(v)β₃, and or cells expressing α_(v)β₃, that block the functional activity of α_(v)β₃. More specifically, the murine monoclonal antibodies involve, P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4 and P113-1F3, which are complex specific for α_(v)β₃ in the sense that they immunoreact with an integrin α_(v)β₃ complex and do not react with either of the integrin α_(v) or β₃ subunits individually. In addition, the inventive monoclonal antibodies do not significantly bind to α_(IIb)β_(IIIa). The monoclonal antibodies used in the present methods may also be used in treating α_(v)β₃ integrin-mediated diseases or conditions by administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of an α_(v)β₃ integrin antibody that acts as an α_(v)β₃ integrin antagonist or inhibitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows that the purified anti-α_(v)β₃ monoclonal antibodies P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3, LM609 (obtained from Chemicon) binds ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(v)β₃ (panel A) but not ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) (panel B). The control monoclonal antibody, M399, binds neither ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(v)β₃ nor α_(IIb)β_(IIIa). M399 is an irrelevant isotype matched control antibody produced by Monsanto Company. LM609 antibody was purchased from Chemicon (Tamecula, Calif.).

FIG. 2 shows that monoclonal antibodies (50 μg/ml) P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3, LM609, but not a control monoclonal antibody M399, inhibit Mn-induced binding of M21 (a melanoma cell line) cells to fibrinogen.

FIG. 3 shows that the monoclonal antibodies (50 μg/ml) P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, but not the control monoclonal antibody M399, inhibit M21 cell (a human melanoma cell line) migration toward fibrinogen (Fg). This figure shows migration to Fg alone and Fg in the presence of antibody.

FIG. 4 shows that monoclonal antibodies (50 μg/ml) P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3 and LM609 inhibit 293/B3, but not 293/B5 or 293/B1, cell adhesion to vitronectin.

FIG. 5 shows that monoclonal antibodies P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3, 23C6 and LM609 inhibit 293/B3 cell adhesion to vitronectin. M399 is a control monoclonal antibody. 23C6 antibody was purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, Calif.).

FIG. 6 shows that monoclonal antibodies (50 μg/ml) P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3 inhibit rabbit osteoclast adhesion to osteopontin. M399 is a control monoclonal antibody.

FIG. 7 shows that the monoclonal antibodies P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, LM609, 23C6 inhibit the proliferation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells plated on osteopontin. The control monoclonal antibody, M399, has no inhibitory activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Metastases

Integrins are believed to be involved in, amongst other biological processes, tumor metastasis. Studies have shown, (Humphries, et al., J. Clin. Invest., Vol. 81 (1988) 782), that RGD-like compounds can interfere with experimental metastasis wherein tumor cells are injected directly into the blood.

Tumor cell invasion occurs by a three step process:

1) tumor cell attachment to extracellular matrix;

2) proteolytic dissolution of the matrix; and

3) movement of the cells through the dissolved barrier.

This process can occur repeatedly and can result in metastases at sites distant from the original tumor.

Seftor et al. (Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89 (1992) 1557) have shown that the α_(v)β₃ integrin has a biological function in melanoma cell invasion. Montgomery et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 91 (1994) 8856) have demonstrated that the integrin α_(v)β₃ expressed on human melanoma cells promotes a survival signal, protecting the cells from apoptosis. Accordingly, mediation of the tumor cell metastatic pathway by interference with the α_(v)β₃ integrin cell adhesion receptor to impede tumor metastasis would be beneficial.

Brooks et al. (Cell, Vol. 79 (1994) 1157) have demonstrated that antagonists of α_(v)β₃ provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of neoplasia (inhibition of solid tumor growth) since systemic administration of α_(v)β₃ antagonists causes dramatic regression of various histologically distinct human tumors.

The monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also be used in a method of treating α_(v)β₃ integrin-mediated diseases, such as tumor metastasis by administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of an α_(v)β₃ integrin antibody that acts as an α_(v)β₃ integrin antagonist or inhibitor. Reference is made to co-pending application 09/057,486 filed Apr. 9, 1998 in the names of Christopher P. Carron, Debra M. Meyer, and G. Allan Nickols and entitled Anti-α_(v)β₃ Integrin Antibody Antagonists, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Tumor Growth/Angiogenesis

The adhesion receptor integrin α_(v)β₃ was identified as a marker of angiogenic blood vessels in chick and man and plays a critical role in angiogenesis or neovascularization (Brooks et al., J-Clin-Invest, Vol. 96 (1995) 1815). Angiogenesis is characterized by the invasion, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Antagonists of α_(v)β₃ inhibit this process by selectively promoting apoptosis of cells in neovasculature. The growth of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, also contributes to pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy (Adonis et al., Amer. J. Ophthal., Vol. 118, (1994) 445), rheumatoid arthritis (Peacock et al., J. Exp. Med., Vol. 175, (1992) 1135) and osteoarthritis (Ondrick et al., Clin.-Podiatr.-Med.-Surg., Vol. 9, (1992) 185). Therefore, α_(v)β₃ antagonists would be useful therapeutic targets for treating such conditions associated with neovascularization (Brooks et al., Science, Vol. 264, (1994) 569). Because angiogenesis occurs normally in the female reproductive organs, antagonists of α_(v)β₃ would be useful in controlling fertility.

Osteoporosis

It has been reported that the cell surface receptor α_(v)β₃ is the major integrin on osteoclasts responsible for attachment to bone. Osteoclasts cause bone resorption and when such bone resorbing activity exceeds bone forming activity it results in osteoporosis (a loss of bone), which leads to an increased number of bone fractures, incapacitation and increased mortality. Antagonists of α_(v)β₃ have been shown to be potent inhibitors of osteoclastic activity both in vitro (Sato et al., J. Cell. Biol., Vol. 111 (1990) 1713) and in vivo (Fisher et al., Endocrinology, Vol. 132 (1993) 1411). Antagonism of α_(v)β₃ leads to decreased bone resorption and therefore restores a normal balance of bone forming and resorbing activity. Thus it would be beneficial to provide antagonists of osteoclast α_(v)β₃ which are effective inhibitors of bone resorption and therefore are useful in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.

Restenosis

The role of the α_(v)β₃ integrin in smooth muscle cell migration also makes it a therapeutic target for prevention or inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia which is a leading cause of restenosis after vascular procedures (Choi et al., J. Vasc. Surg. Vol. 19(1) (1994) 125). Prevention or inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by pharmaceutical agents to prevent or inhibit restenosis would be beneficial.

Viral Infection

White (Current Biology, Vol. 3(9) (1993) 596) has reported that adenovirus uses α_(v)β₃ for entering host cells. The integrin appears to be required for endocytosis of the virus particle and may be required for penetration of the viral genome into the host cell. Thus antibodies which inhibit α_(v)β₃ would find usefulness as antiviral agents.

Anti-Integrin Antibodies

A number of anti-integrin antibodies are known. Doerr et al. (J.B.C., Vol. 271 (1996) 2443) reported that a blocking antibody to α_(v)β₅ integrin in vitro inhibits the migration of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in response to stimulation from IGF-1. Gui et al. (British J. Surgery, Vol. 82 (1995) 1192) report that antibodies against α_(v)β₅ and β₁ and β₅ inhibit in vitro chemoinvasion by human breast cancer carcinoma cell lines Hs578T and MDA-MB-231. Lehman et al. (Cancer Research, Vol. 54 (1994) 2102) show that a monoclonal antibody (69-6-5) reacts with several α_(v) integrins including α_(v)β₃ and inhibited colon carcinoma cell adhesion to a number of substrates, including vitronectin. Brooks et al. (Science, Vol. 264 (1994) 569) show that blockade of integrin activity with an anti-α_(v)β₃ monoclonal antibody inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis of chick chorioallantoic membranes by human M21-L melanoma fragments. Chuntharapai et al. (Exp. Cell. Res., Vol. 205 (1993) 345) discloses monoclonal antibodies 9G2.1.3 and 10C4.1.3 which recognize the α_(v)β₃ complex, the latter monoclonal antibody is said to bind weakly or not at all to tissues expressing α_(v)β₃ with the exception of osteoclasts and was suggested to be useful for in vivo therapy of bone disease. The former monoclonal antibody is suggested to have potential as a therapeutic agent in some cancers.

Ginsberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,620 discloses antibodies that react with integrin so that the binding affinity of integrin for ligands is increased. As such these monoclonal antibodies are said to be useful for preventing metastasis by immobilizing melanoma tumors. Brown, U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,604 discloses the use of monoclonal antibodies to α_(v)β₃ integrins that inhibit RGD-mediated phagocytosis enhancement by binding to a receptor that recognizes RGD sequence containing proteins. Plow et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,780 discloses a protein homologous to the RGD epitope of integrin β subunits and a monoclonal antibody that inhibits integrin-ligand binding by binding to the β₃ subunit. That action is said to be of use in therapies for adhesion-initiated human responses such as coagulation and some inflammatory responses.

As a result of the present invention, monoclonal antibodies can be used in a method for blocking α_(v)β₃-mediated events such as cell adhesion, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, restenosis, ocular neovascularization and growth of hemangiomas, as well as neoplastic cell or tumor growth and dissemination. The inventive monoclonal antibodies can also be used for antibody-mediated targeting and delivery of therapeutics for disrupting or killing α_(v)β₃ bearing neoplasms and tumor-related vascular beds. In addition, the inventive monoclonal antibodies can be used for visualization or imaging of α_(v)β₃ bearing neoplasms or tumor related vascular beds, for example, by NMR or immunoscintigraphy.

In addition, these monoclonal antibodies detect α_(v)β₃ in solution and in frozen tissue sections and on the surface of cells and therefore these monoclonal antibodies may be used for the detection and characterization of α_(v)β₃-bearing tumor and endothelial cells in human malignancies. Accordingly, the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may be used for immunochemical and immunohistochemical identification of tumor vasculature. Since the integrin α_(v)β₃ is minimally expressed on resting or normal blood vessels, but is significantly up-regulated on vascular cells within human tumors (Brooks et al., Cell, Vol. 79 (1994) 1157; Brooks et al., Science, Vol. 264 (1994) 569; Brooks, et al., J-Clin-Invest, Vol. 96 (1995) 1815), α_(v)β₃ may be considered a marker of human tumor-associated blood vessels and tumor growth (Brooks, et al., J-Clin-Invest, Vol. 96 (1995) 1815). Consequently, antibodies that recognize α_(v)β₃ may be used as an immunodiagnostic agent to identify tumor-related blood vessels or vascular beds using conventional immunohistochemical techniques. Further, since the integrin α_(v)β₃ is a marker of tumor-associated blood vessels and recent findings indicate that blood vessel density is a prognostic indicator of cancer and disease status (Weidner, Semin-Diagn-Pathol, Vol. 10 (1993) 302) antibody that recognize α_(v)β₃ may be used as a component of a diagnostic device or technique to measure tumor-related blood vessel abundance or density and to define disease prognosis. Specifically, histologic sections from fresh-frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissue are immunostained with α_(v)β₃ antibody, preferably using the α_(v)β₃ antibody at concentration of 0.1-50 μg/ml, using techniques and procedures known to those skilled in the art. α_(v)β₃ antibody bound to vascular endothelial cells in the tissue can be visualized using a secondary agent, usually a second antibody, that permits localization of the α_(v)β₃ antibody binding within the tissue section. Preferably the second antibody reacts or binds with the α_(v)β₃ antibody and has an attached reporter molecule, e.g., an anti-mouse antibody with an attached enzyme or fluorescent marker. The number and area of immunostained blood vessels in the tissue can then be counted by microscopic techniques, familiar to those skilled in the art, to assess tumor blood vessel density or abundance.

Antibodies and Antibody Compositions

The term “antibody” refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antibody combining site or paratope. Illustrative antibody molecules are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules and those portions of an immunoglobulin molecule that contain the paratope, including those portions known in the art as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2 and F(v).

The term “antibody combining site” refers to that structural portion of an antibody molecule comprised of a heavy and light chain variable and hypervariable regions that specifically binds (immunoreacts with) antigen. The term “immunoreact” refers to binding between an antigenic determinant-containing molecule and a molecule containing an antibody combining site such as a whole antibody molecule or a portion thereof. The term “antigenic determinant” refers to the actual structural portion of the antigen that is immunologically bound by an antibody combining site. The term is also used interchangeably with “epitope”.

As used herein, the term “specifically binds” refers to a non-random binding reaction between two molecules, for example between an antibody molecule immunoreacting with an antigen or between a cell surface integrin receptor and a ligand molecule. Illustrative of a specifically-bound receptor-ligand complex is that between platelet α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) and fibrinogen at the platelet surface.

The ligand to which an integrin specifically binds is referred to as a specific ligand, and must necessarily be recited in the context of a particular integrin. Specific ligands for binding to integrins are well characterized for many integrins. For example fibrinogen is a specific ligand for the platelet receptor (α_(IIb)β_(IIIa)); vitronectin, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen are specific ligands for the vitronectin receptor (VnR); fibronectin is a specific ligand for the VLA-5 receptor; laminin is a specific ligand for the VLA-6 receptor; and collagen is a specific ligand receptor for the VLA-2 receptor. As indicated in FIG. 1 (panel B), the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention do not bind to α_(IIb)β_(IIIa).

A monoclonal antibody composition is typically composed of antibodies produced by clones of a single cell called a hybridoma that secretes (produces) one kind of antibody molecule. Historically, the hybridoma cells are formed by fusing an antibody-producing cell and a myeloma or other self-perpetuating cell line. Such antibodies were first described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, vol. 256 (1975) 495-497, which description is incorporated by reference, although numerous well known variations have since been described for producing hybridoma cells.

The preparation of monoclonal antibodies generally involves immunizing a mammal with an inoculum containing the integrin against which the antibody is to immunoreact, thereby inducing in the mammal antibody molecules having the immunospecificity described herein. The antibody-producing cells are then isolated, cloned and screened for the presence of antibody molecules of interest.

The integrin inhibiting monoclonal antibodies of this invention may be prepared by the method comprising the steps of:

(a) Immunizing an animal with an inoculum comprising an integrin. The integrin can be presented in a variety of forms, as described herein including purified integrin, partially isolated integrin in the form of cell membranes having the cell surface integrin receptor associated with the membranes, and whole cells having the integrin associated with the cell membrane.

The immunization is typically accomplished by administering the inoculum to an immunologically competent mammal in an immunologically effective amount, i.e., an amount sufficient to produce an immune response. Preferably, the mammal is a rodent such as a rabbit, rat or mouse. The mammal is then maintained for a period sufficient for the mammal to produce cells secreting antibody molecules that immunoreact with the receptor.

The word “inoculum” is used herein to describe a composition containing an integrin in one of the forms described above as an active ingredient used for the preparation of integrin-inhibiting antibodies.

The inoculum contains an effective, immunogenic amount of an α_(v)β₃ integrin. The effective amount of integrin per unit dose sufficient to induce an immune response to the immunizing integrin depends, among other things, on the species of animal inoculated, the body weight of the animal and the chosen inoculation regimen as is well known in the art. Inocula typically contain protein concentrations of about 10 micrograms to about 500 milligrams per inoculation (dose), preferably about 50 micrograms to about 50 milligrams per dose.

The term “unit dose” as it pertains to the inocula refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for animal, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of material calculated to produce the desired immunogenic effect in association with the required diluent; i.e., carrier of vehicle. The specifications for the novel unit dose of an inoculum of this invention are dictated by and are directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the particular immunologic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such active material for immunologic use in animals, as disclosed in detail herein, these being features of the present invention.

Inocula are typically prepared from the immunogen, for example an isolated integrin, by dispersing the immunogen in a physiologically tolerable diluent such as water, saline or phosphate-buffered saline to form an aqueous composition.

Inocula can also include an adjuvant as part of the diluent. Adjuvants such as Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) and alum are material well known in the art, and are available commercially from several sources.

In a preferred immunization, mice were immunized 3 times over a period of several weeks with 1×10⁶ baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells that had been engineered to produce α_(v)β₃. BHK cells were transfected using LipofectAMINE, according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.), with human α_(v) or β₃ cDNA in the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen Corporation) which confers Neomycin resistance (Southern, P. J. and Berg, P., J. Mol. Appl. Gen., Vol. 1 (1982) 327). Expression of human α_(v)β₃ by transfected BHK cells was confirmed by flow cytometry using the α_(v)β₃-specific mAb LM609 (Chemicon, Temecula, Calif.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 84 (1987) 6471. Mice were immunized with α_(v)β₃-expressing BHK cells emulsified in FCA at the time of the first immunization; all other immunizations utilized antigen mixed with FIA or phosphate buffered saline. Approximately four days prior to harvesting splenocytes from mice immunized with cells, the mice were immunized with α_(v)β₃ purified from human placental extracts.

(b) A suspension of antibody-producing cells removed from the immunized mammal is then prepared. This is typically accomplished by removing the spleen of the mammal and mechanically separating the individual spleen cells in a physiologically tolerable medium using methods well known in the art.

(c) The suspended antibody-producing cells are treated with a transforming agent capable of producing a transformed (“immortalized”) cell line. Transforming agents and their use to produce immortalized cell (transformed) lines are well known in the art and include DNA viruses such as Epstein Bar Virus (EBV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), Polyoma Virus and the like, RNA viruses such as Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (Mo-MuLV), Rous Sarcoma Virus and the like, myeloma cells such as P3X63-Ag8.653, Sp2/0-Ag14 and the like. In preferred embodiments, treatment with the transforming agent results in the production of a hybridoma by means of fusing the suspended spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells from a suitable cell line by the use of a suitable fusion promoter. A preferred ratio is about 2 spleen cells per myeloma cell in a suspension containing about 10⁸ splenocytes. A preferred fusion promoter is polyethylene glycol having an average molecule weight from about 1000 to about 4000 (commercially available as PEG 1300-1600, ATCC); however, other fusion promoters known in the art maybe employed.

The cell line used should preferably be of the so-called “drug resistant” type, so that unfused myeloma cells will not survive in a selective medium, while hybrids will survive. A common class is 8-azaguanine resistant cell lines, which lack the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and hence will not be supported by HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) medium. It is also generally preferred that the myeloma cell line used be of the so-called “non-secreting” type which does not itself produce any antibody. In certain cases, however, secreting myeloma lines may be preferred.

(d) The transformed cells are then cloned, preferably to monoclonality. The cloning is preferably performed in a tissue culture medium that will not sustain (support) non-transformed cells. When the transformed cells are hybridomas, this is typically performed by diluting and culturing in separate containers the mixture of unfused spleen cells, unfused myeloma cells, and fused cells (hybridomas) in a selective medium which will not sustain the unfused myeloma cells (non-transformed cells). The cells are cultured in this medium for a time sufficient to allow death of the unfused cells (about one week). The dilution can be a limiting dilution, in which the volume of diluent is statistically calculated to isolate a certain number of cells (e.g., 1-4) in each separate container (e.g., each well of a microtiter plate). Alternatively, the dilution may be done in soft agar such that a single cell suspension is generated and then plated in semisolid agar (Goding, J. W., J. Immunol. Methods., Vol. 39 (1980) 285). The medium is one (e.g., HAT medium) that will not sustain the drug-resistant (e.g., 8-azaguanine resistant) unfused myeloma cell line.

(e) The tissue culture medium of the cloned hybridomas is then assayed to detect the presence of secreted antibody molecules having the immunoreactive properties as described herein using well known immunological screening techniques together with the assays described herein to identify integrin-inhibiting antibodies.

As shown by the various screening protocols in Example 1, below, to identify integrin-inhibiting antibodies, several separate assays are typically conducted to identify an antibody of this invention. First, the culture is evaluated for antibodies immunoreactive with α_(v)β₃. Hybridoma in cell cultures containing the α_(v)β₃-reactive antibodies are then cloned by dilution and individual clones re-screened to identify clonal cell lines producing α_(v)β₃-reactive antibodies.

Representative and preferred methods for producing integrin-inhibiting monoclonal antibody compositions are described in Example 1, below.

(f) Desired clonal cell lines are then selected. To produce a much greater concentration of monoclonal antibody, the desired hybridoma can be transferred by injection into mice, preferably syngeneic or semisyngeneic mice. The hybridoma will cause formation of antibody-producing tumors after a suitable incubation time, which will result in a high concentration of the desired antibody (about 5-20 mg/ml) in the bloodstream and peritoneal exudate (ascites) of the host mouse.

A monoclonal antibody composition can be enriched in the desired antibody molecules by additional isolation methods such as immunoaffinity chromatography using solid phase affixed immunizing antigens, as described herein, or by using, for example, DEAE Sephadex to obtain the IgG fraction, if desired.

Media and animals useful for the preparation of these compositions are both well known in the art and commercially available and include synthetic culture media, inbred mice and the like. An exemplary synthetic medium is Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DME/FIZ, 1:1) supplemented with 4.5 gm/l glucose, 20 mM glutamine, and 20% fetal calf serum. An exemplary inbred mouse strain is the Balb/c.

A monoclonal antibody composition can also be produced by methods well known to those skilled in the art of producing antibodies by recombinant DNA methods. Those methods include isolating, manipulating, and expressing the nucleic acid that codes for all or part of an immunoglobulin variable region including both the portion of the variable region comprised by the variable region of immunoglobulin light chain and the portion of the variable region comprised by the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain. Methods for isolating, manipulating, and expressing the variable region coding nucleic acid in procaryotic and eucaryotic hosts are disclosed in Robinson et al., PCT Publication No. WO 89/0099; Winter et al., European Patent Publication No. 0239400; Reading, U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,681; Cabilly et al., European Patent Publication No. 0125023; Sorge et al., Mol. Cell Biol., Vol. 4 (1984) 1730-1737; Beher et al., Science, Vol. 240 (1988) 1041-1043; Skerra et al., Science, Vol. 240 (1988) 1030-1041; and Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., Vol. 86 (1989) 3833-3837. Typically the nucleic acid codes for all or part of an immunoglobulin variable region that binds a preselected antigen (ligand). Sources of such nucleic acid are well known to one skilled in the art and, for example, may be obtained from a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody that binds the preselected antigen, or the preselected antigen may be used to screen an expression library coding for a plurality of immunoglobulin variable regions, thus isolating the nucleic acid.

See, for example, the method of isolating monoclonal antibodies from an immunological repertoire as described by Sastry et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 86 (1989) 5728-5732); and Huse et al., (Science, Vol. 246 (1989) 1275-1281).

Isolated nucleic acid coding for the murine immunoglobulin genes may be engineered to prepare α_(v)β₃ antibody combining regions grafted into human Ig backbones using the process known as antibody humanization (Richmann et al., Nature, Vol. 332 (1988) 323). Further, nucleic acid coding for the murine immunoglobulin genes of α_(v)β₃ antibodies may be engineered to produce recombinant bifunctional antibodies, single chain Fv (scFv) or bispecific scFv fusion proteins that, in a single gene or gene product, combine a toxin, immunostimulatory molecule or targeting moiety with the α_(v)β₃-binding domain (Reisfeld, et al., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, Vol. 213 (1996) 27; Rybak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89 (1992) 3165; Siegall et al., J. Immunol., Vol. 152 (1994) 2377; Naramura, et al., Immunol. Lett., Vol. 39 (1993) 91). Further, nucleic acid coding for the murine immunoglobulin genes of α_(v)β₃ antibodies or the nucleic acid coding the humanized engrafted counterpart may be engineered to increase antigen-binding affinity using techniques known to those skilled in the art (Rheinnecker et al., J. Immunol., Vol. 157 (1996) 2989; Barbas et al., TBTECH, Vol. 14 (1996) 230; Hoogenboom, Trends Biotechnol. Vol. 15(2) (1997) 62). Recombinant α_(v)β₃ antibodies, antibody fragments or fusion proteins derived from the same may be expressed in E coli, transgenic plants or animals (Huse et al., Science, Vol. 246 (1989) 1275; Hiatt et al., Nature, Vol. 342 (1989) 76; Morcol et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 721 (1994) 218; Ebert et al., Biotechnology-N-Y, Vol. 9 (1991) 835).

The monoclonal antibody compositions produced by the above method can be used, for example, in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities wherein specific binding or inhibition of integrin is desired, as described further herein.

(g) IgG isolated from ascites fluids of mice inoculated with the cell lines producing α_(v)β₃-reactive antibodies are then further evaluated as inhibitors of α_(v)β₃ in assays such as inhibition of Mn-induced binding of M21 cells to fibrinogen (FIG. 2); inhibition of M21 cell migration (FIG. 3); inhibition of 293/β₃, 293/β₅ or 293/β₁ cells to vitronectin (FIGS. 4 and 5); and inhibition of rabbit osteoclast adhesion to osteopontin (FIG. 6).

Hybridomas

Hybridomas of the present invention are those which are characterized as having the capacity to produce an integrin-inhibiting monoclonal antibody composition of this invention.

A preferred hybridoma of the present invention is characterized as producing integrin-inhibiting antibody molecules that immunoreact with an integrin. The antibody also is “complex-specific” in the sense that it immunoreacts with an integrin α_(v)β₃ complex and does not react with either of the integrin α_(v) or β₃ subunits individually. In other words, the antibody recognizes α_(v) in the context of β₃, while at the same time recognizing β₃ in the context of α_(v), as shown in FIG. 5.

Representative preferred hybridomas are prepared and described in Example 1, below. Particularly preferred are the hybridoma cell lines designated P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4 and P113-1F3.

Hybridoma cell lines P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4 and P113-1F3 have been deposited pursuant to Budapest Treaty requirements with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va., 20110-2209, U.S.A., on Nov. 5, 1996, and were assigned, respectively, accession numbers HB-12224, HB-12225, HB-12226, HB-12227, HB-12228 and HB-12229.

These hybridomas were deposited in a depository affording permanence of the deposit and ready accessibility thereto by the public upon the grant of a patent, under conditions which assure that access to the hybridoma will be available during the pending of the patent application to those entitled to such access, and that all restrictions on the availability to the public of the hybridoma as deposited will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of the patent. The deposited hybridomas will be maintained by the ATCC, and all maintenance fees have been paid, for the term of the patent or 30 years from the date of deposit, whichever is longer, and in all events for at least five years after the date of the last request for access.

Methods for producing hybridomas producing (secreting) antibody-molecules having a desired immunospecificity, i.e., having the ability to immunoreact with a particular antigen, an identifiable epitope on a particular antigen, are well known in the art and are described further herein. Particularly applicable is the hybridoma technology described by Niman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 80 (1983) 4949-4953, and by Galfre et al., Meth. Enzymol., Vol. 73 (1981) 3-46, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.

Therapeutic Methods and Compositions

Therapeutic methods and compositions are contemplated for inhibiting integrins. These methods are useful to inhibit cell attachment and migration mediated by the integrins and find application in a wide variety of cell types, tissues and systems where attachment of cells is desired.

Thus in general the invention contemplates a method for inhibiting an integrin that binds a specific ligand comprising contacting the integrin with a solution containing an inhibiting amount of an integrin-inhibiting antibody as described herein that is immunospecific for the integrin, for example α_(v)β₃ integrin.

Typically the method is practiced on cells expressing the integrin on the surface of the cell, so the contacting occurs by admixing the cells in a solution with the integrin-inhibiting antibodies to form an admixture. The admixture is preferably physiologically compatible with cell viability, preferably sterile, and more preferably compatible with admixture with blood to facilitate adding the admixture to the blood.

An inhibiting amount of integrin-inhibiting antibody is an amount sufficient to produce the desired result, namely to inhibit the integrin to a degree sufficient to reduce the adhesion of the cell expressing the integrin, and typically depends on the amount of integrin to be contacted.

In preferred embodiments, whether the method is practiced in vitro or in vivo, an inhibiting amount is an amount sufficient to provide at least about one molar equivalent of integrin-inhibiting antibody per molar equivalent of integrin to be inhibited. This amount is referred to as a stoichiometric amount of integrin-inhibiting antibody. Although antibody affinity for immunoreaction is typically sufficient for an integrin-inhibiting antibody to immunoreact stoichiometrically in dilute solutions, it is preferred that an inhibiting amount is in the range of about 100 nanomolar (nM) to 1 millimolar (mM) preferably in the range of 1 to 100 micromolar (μM) and more preferably about 1 to 10 μM.

When an integrin-inhibiting method is practiced in vitro, a liquid sample containing integrin, and preferably a physiological fluid containing cells that express cell surface integrin, are admixed with an inhibiting amount of an integrin-inhibiting antibody of this invention to form a complex. The complex is maintained under biological conditions compatible with the formation of an immunoreaction product and also compatible, if required, with cell viability for a time period sufficient for the integrin-inhibition antibody to immunoreact with the integrin and, when immunoreacted, inhibit the integrin.

When the integrin-inhibiting method is practiced in vivo, an inhibiting amount of an antibody composition containing a physiologically tolerable diluent and integrin-inhibiting antibody molecules as described herein is intravenously administered to a mammal, e.g. a human, and the mammal is maintained for a sufficient period to allow the antibody molecules to immunoreact with any integrin present and form an inhibiting immunoreaction product. Other routes of administration are envisioned, including intraperitoneal, intra muscular, intrathecal and subcutaneous.

In preferred embodiments, a therapeutic composition for use in an integrin-inhibiting method includes integrin-inhibiting antibody molecules that immunoreact with the integrin complex, i.e., immunoreact with both the α and β subunits of the heterodimer of the integrin, but not with just one or the other of the subunits. Exemplary compositions comprise one or more of the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the hybridomas P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4 or P113-1F3.

The integrin-inhibiting antibodies may be combined with other pharmaceutical compositions and/or excipients.

For example, α_(v)β₃ antibody may be co-administered or added to established anti-cancer chemotherapeutic or biotherapeutic regimens. Normal physiologic saline is a preferred excipient or vehicle for administration of antibody. This may include, but is not limited to, combining or co-administering α_(v)β₃ antibodies with cytotoxic drugs, combinations of cytotoxic drugs or with immune stimulating drugs, such as interleukins or their derivatives or with hematopoietic factors and their derivatives. For example, α_(v)β₃ antibody may be co-administered or added to therapeutic regimens for the use IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, TNF, α, β, γ interferons and M-CSF, or combinations of these agents or their derivatives, in biologic therapy of cancer. Further, α_(v)β₃ antibody may be co-administered or added to therapeutic regimens for the use of G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3 and erythropoietin, or combinations of these agents or their derivatives, in biologic therapy of cancer.

The Examples which follow are intended as an illustration of certain preferred embodiments of the invention, and no limitation of the invention is implied.

EXAMPLES Generation of Monoclonal Antibody Example 1 Production of P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3

In accordance with the present invention there is disclosed a hybridoma cell line, P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3, produced by hybrid cell line, P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3, generated from a mouse immunized with human α_(v)β₃. A sample of this cell line is deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA with accession No. HB-12225. This antibody was produced as follows.

Six week old female Balb/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1×10⁶ BHK cells transfected with α_(v)β₃ (BHK/α_(v)β₃) in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). Three weeks later the mice were given a booster i.p. immunization using 1×10⁶ BHK/α_(v)β₃ cells in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA). Two weeks later the mice were given a second i.p. booster of 1×10⁶ BHK/α_(v)β₃ cells in FIA. After an additional 3 weeks 5 μg purified α_(v)β₃ in saline was given intravenously and i.p. Fusions were performed 3 days later.

Immunized mice were sacrificed by CO₂ overdose and a splenectomy performed immediately. The spleen cells from mice were fused with myeloma P3X63 Ag8.653 (ATCC) using polyethylene glycol, MW 1300-1600 (ATCC). The cells were diluted to 1×10⁶ cells/ml in HAT selection media, plated in 48 well culture dishes at 0.5 ml/well and grown under selective conditions (HAT medium) that allow only cells resulting from the fusion of a splenocyte with a myeloma cell to proliferate. Five hundred and seventy wells were plated with cells and 225 showed hybridoma growth. Conditioned media of wells with hybridoma growth were screened for the presence of antibodies that bind ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(v)β₃ or ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) using the capture assay described below. Ten wells, one of which was well C1 in plate 4 and hence the designation P112-4C1, contained cells that produced an antibody that bound α_(v)β₃ but not α_(IIb)β_(IIIa). Cells in well 4C1 were cloned in soft agar in order to obtain colonies of cells derived from a single cell that produces an antibody that absorbs ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(v)β₃ from solution. Colonies were picked from soft agar, grown in appropriate cell culture media and then rescreened in the α_(v)β₃ capture assay. An α_(v)β₃-binding colony derived from well A2 was identified and designated P112-4C1-A2. This process was repeated two additional times to arrive at the final clonally derived cell line designated P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3. The monoclonal antibody produced by this cell line is an IgG1, κ.

IgG was purified from mouse ascites generated with the P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3 cell line by Protein G or Protein A chromatography as described below and the purified P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) tested in various assays to further characterize the properties of the P112-4C1-A2-C7-A3 as an inhibitor of α_(v)β₃. Representative examples of the results of these type of assays are shown in FIGS. 1-7.

Purification of Monoclonal Antibody

Ascites fluid was produced separately in mice from each of one of the 6 hybridomas secreting α_(v)β₃ complex-specific antibodies and the control M399 hybridoma. The ascites fluid was clarified to remove the lipid and purified on a HiTrap Protein G column according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Pharmacia Biotech) or a Protein A column (Pharmacia) using the BioRad Protein A MAPS II buffer system. The eluted fractions were dialyzed extensively against PBS and checked for purity by SDS-PAGE. The purified antibodies were >90% pure as determined by Coomassie blue stain and comigrated with an IgG1 κ, MOPC-21 (Sigma). The purified antibodies were then assayed in the a_(v)β₃ capture assay to determine if they retained the ability to bind a_(v)β₃. All 6 antibodies from fusions P112 and P113 bound ¹²⁵I-labeled a_(v)β₃ in a dose dependent fashion whereas the control IgG1 κ antibody, M399, did not. See FIG. 1.

Example 2 Inhibition of Tumor Metastasis in Vivo

The concept that antibody inhibitors of α_(v)β₃ could interfere with tumor spread was tested in a SCID mouse model of human breast carcinoma. In this model, MDA-MB-435 cells (available from ATCC) are injected into the mammary fat pad (m.f.p.) of female severe combined immunodeficiency mice (SCID; Chase CB17 scid/scid; Taconic Farms). MDA-MB-435 is a highly aggressive metastatic breast carcinoma that disseminates from the m.f.p. to the lymph nodes and lungs (Price et al., Int. J. Cancer, Vol. 45 (1990) 968). Mice develop progressively growing tumors in the m.f.p. that reach approximately 1 gram in size by 8 weeks post inoculation at which time the primary tumor is excised. Mice are sacrificed 4 weeks later for analyses of metastasis to the lymph modes, thoracic cavity, lung, ovaries and bone. In practice, the mice were inoculated with the MDA-MB-435 cell line and two weeks later, the mice were administered P112-4C1 (100 μg) intraperitoneal, in physiological buffered-saline every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for 6 weeks. Control animals were injected with physiological buffered-saline according to the same schedule. As shown in Table 1, monoclonal antibody P112-4C1 did not significantly inhibit tumor growth. In contrast, however, P112-4C1 had a significant impact on tumor dissemination to sites distant from the primary tumor. In contrast to vehicle treated mice, thoracic foci were almost completely absent in the P112-4C1-treated mice and the foci in the lungs were also substantially reduced. Indeed, metastatic foci were not detected in the lungs of many of the mice treated with P112-4C1. Accordingly, the P112-4C1 monoclonal antibody is effective at inhibiting tumor metastasis. It is envisioned that the same treatment would be effective in inhibiting and treating tumor metastasis in humans. It is further envisioned that such a treatment would be administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

TABLE 1 P112-4C1 Blocks Tumor Metastasis 1 tumor Thoracic Bra- Body tumor re- Lung cavity chial Lung Animal wt. wt. growth? wt. mets arch IALN mets HBSS treated A1 L 23.37 0.56 y 0.24 − + ++ A1R 21.84 0.52 n 0.16 − − n + A1 LR 22.46 0.6 y 0.38 − + n + A1 N 20.92 0.48 n 0.41 + ++ y +++ A2 L 24.45 0.64 y 0.43 ++ ++ n +++ A2 R 23.99 0.51 n 0.35 ++ ++ y +++ A2 N 24.75 0.5 n 0.19 + + n +++ Mean 23.11 0.54 0.31 ± SD 1.42 0.06 0.11 P112- 4C1 B3 L 23.64 0.69 n 0.29 + + n ++ B3 R 23.3 0.38 n 0.18 − − n + B3 LR 21.62 0.91 n 0.15 − − y + B4 L 23.48 0.43 n 0.16 − − y − B4 R 21.74 0.52 n 0.2 − − n − B4 LR 20.02 0.42 n 0.15 − − y − B4 N 22.14 0.6 n 0.18 − − n − Mean 22.28 0.56 n 0.19 ± SD 1.30 0.19 n 0.05 + <10 macroscopic metastases ++ 10-50 macroscopic metastases +++ >200 macroscopic metastases

α_(v)β₃ and α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) Capture Assay

96-well plates (Dynatech, Chantilly, Va.) were coated with 0.5 μg/well goat anti-mouse IgG Fc-specific monoclonal antibody (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in borate buffered saline, pH 8.2 overnight at 4° C. Assay plates were emptied and 200 μl/well of 1% BSA in PBS and 0.05% Tween-20 was added to block unreacted sites in wells. Following a 2 hour incubation at 37° C., the plates were washed 3 times with saline and 0.05% Tween-20 (TS). Sample (mouse sera, hybridoma supernatant or purified monoclonal antibody) was added (50 μl/well) and incubated 90 min at 37° C. The plates were washed 3 times in TS and approximately 100,000 cpm/well of ¹²⁵I-labeled a_(v)β₃ or ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) in Tris-buffered saline containing 1 mM Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, and Mn⁺⁺, pH 7.4 and 1% BSA & 50 mM octylglucoside were added and incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. The plates were then washed 3 times with TS and the wells were counted in a gamma counter.

Osteopontin Purification

Full-length human osteopontin cDNA was expressed in E. coli as a 6xHis-fusion protein using the QIAexpress pQE expression system as described by the manufacturer (Qiagen, Chatsworth Calif.). Osteopontin was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography according to the manufacturers recommendations (Qiagen) and then further purified by MonoQ (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) chromatography. Osteopontin was judged greater than 95% pure by SDS gel electrophoresis.

Purification of the Vitronectin Receptor (a_(v)β₃)

Human vitronectin receptor (α_(v)β₃) and the human platelet receptor (α_(IIb)β_(IIIa)) was purified from human placenta as previously described (Pytela, R., Pierschbacher, M. D., Argraves, S., Suzuki, S., and Rouslahti, E., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 144 (1987) 475; Yatohgo, T., Izumi, M., Kashiwagi, H., and Hayashi, M., Cell structure and Function, Vol. 13 (1988) 281). ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(v)β₃ and ¹²⁵I-labeled α_(IIb)β_(IIIa) were generated by iodinating the unlabeled precursors using Iodogen according to the recommendation of the manufacturer.

M21 Migration Assay

M21 Melanoma cell line was obtained from J. W. Smith (Burnham Institute, La Jolla) and maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, pen-strep (200 U/ml) and L-glut (2 mM). Fibrinogen and vitronectin were purified from human plasma as previously described (Yatohgo et al., Cell Struct. Func., Vol. 13 (1988) 281; Fuller, et al., Methods in Enzymology Vol. 163 (1988) 44474).

Extracellular matrix proteins (eg., fibrinogen) were coated on the bottom of Costar transwell membranes at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. Following a 2 hour coating period at 37° C., the migration assay was initiated by the addition of 2×10⁵ cells to the upper chamber of the reservoir. Migration assays were performed in HBSS, 50 mM HEPES, 1 mg/ml BSA, 0.5 mM Ca²⁺, 0.5 mM Mg²⁺, and 0.2 mM Mn²⁺. Cells were allowed to migrate for 18 hours or 20 hours at 37° C. The upper reservoir was gently swabbed with a cotton-tipped applicator to remove cells from the upper filter surface. The filter was removed and cells on the lower surface were stained with Diff-Quik (Baxter). Cells occupying three to five random high power microscopic fields were counted and averaged. For inhibition studies, the inhibitors were incubated with the cells for 30 minutes at 37° C. before addition to the transwell.

M21 Cell Adhesion Assay

Fibrinogen was diluted to 10 μg/ml in coating buffer (20mM Tris.HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) and added (100 μl) per well of Immulon2 96-well plates (Dynatech) and incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed (50 mM Tris.HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) and then available 0protein binding sites blocked by addition of adhesion buffer (1×Hanks Balanced Salt Solution without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (Sigma), plus 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4) containing 1% BSA.

M21 cells were washed with HBSS (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ free), incubated in cell dissociation solution (Sigma) for 5 minutes at 37° C. and then washed by centrifugation/resuspension in adhesion buffer containing 200 μM Mn²⁺.

Cells and various concentrations of mAb were combined in adhesion buffer containing 200 μM Mn²⁺, added to plates and incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. The plates were gently washed with 50 mM Tris.HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, and 100 μL of cell lysis/substrate buffer (50 mM Na acetate, pH 5.0 containing 0.5% TritonX-100 and 0.3 mg/ml of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma)) was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature; 50 μL of 1N NaOH was added to develop color and the plate absorbance was measured at 412 nm. The number of cells bound/well were determined by reference to a standard curve generated with known numbers of cells.

293 Cell Binding Assay

Human vitronectin was purified from fresh frozen plasma as previously described (Yatohgo, T., Izumi, M., Kashiwagi, H., and Hayashi, M., Cell structure and Function, Vol. 13 (1988) 281.). 293 cells were transfected with the β3 and β5 integrin subunits as described below.

96-well plates (Immunlon2, Dynatech, Chantilly, Va.) were coated with vitronectin, 50 μl/well in TS (0 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 (TS), overnight at 4° C. Unreacted sites were blocked with 1% BSA in TS, 200 μl/well for 2 hrs at 37° C. Antibodies were diluted in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (Ca⁺Mg⁺ free) (HBSS) & 20 mM Hepes & 0.1% BSA & 200 μM MnCl. 293 cells transfected with β₃ (293/β₃), 293 cells transfected with β₅ (293/β₅), and untransfected 293 cells (293/β₁) were removed from flasks with Cell Dissociation Buffer (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and washed 3 times with HBSS. Cells were counted and diluted to 2×10⁶ cells/ml in HBSS & 20 mM Hepes & 0.1% BSA & 200 μM MnCl. Equal volumes of cells were mixed with diluted antibodies and incubated 30 min at 37° C. 100 μl/well of cell/antibody mixture was then added to vitronectin coated plates and plates were incubated for 30 min at 37° C. Plates were washed 3 times with HBSS to remove unbound cells and 100 μl of HBSS & 200 μM MnCl was added per well. The MTT kit (Promega) was used to detect the number of viable attached cells.

Flow Cytometry Methods

2×10⁵ to 5×10⁵ cells were incubated with 1 μg primary antibody in FACS buffer (1% BSA/PBS+0.1% NaN₃) at 4° C. for 30-60 min., washed, then incubated 30-45 min. at 4° C. with a FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse F(ab′)² secondary antibody (Zymed Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, Calif.). Cells were washed and resuspended in buffer with propidium iodide (PI), then analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScan; Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems; San Jose, Calif.). Viable cells were gated on the basis of PI exclusion.

Table 1 shows the binding of anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies to 293/wild type (wt), 293/β₃ and 293/β₅ cells using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The anti-α_(v)β₃ antibodies P113-7D6, P112-4C1, P113-12A6, P112-11D2, P112-10D4, P113-1F3 and LM609, bind to 293 cells transfected with the human β₃ cDNA (293/β₃ cells), but not wild type 293 cells (293/wt) or 293 cells transfected with human β₅ cDNA (293/β₅). The complex-specific antibody, P1F6 (α_(v)β₅; Chemicon), binds only to 293/β5 cells and P4C10 (β₁; GIBCO) binds to all three cells lines, consistent with the previous report showing that wild type 293 cells express α_(v)β₁, but not α_(v)β₃ (Bodary and McLean, J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 265 (1990) 5938).

TABLE 2 Cell line 293/wt 293/β3 293/β5 P4C10 (β₁) ++ ++ ++ P1F₆ (α_(v)β₅) − − ++ LM609 − ++ − P113-7D6 − ++ − P113-1F3 − ++ − P112-10D4 − ++ − P113-12A6 − ++ − P112-4C1 − ++ − P112-11D2 − ++ −

Table 2 shows α_(v)β₃ antibody binding to 293/wt, 293/β₃ and 293/β₅ cells by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cell staining fluorescence intensity of specific antibodies is reported relative to the control antibody M399: (−) <2-fold; (+/−) 2 to 5-fold; (+) 5 to 10-fold; (++) 10 to 50-fold. The cells lines are designated wild type 293 (293/wt), 293 cells transfected with human β3 (293/β₃) and 293 cells transfected with human β5 (293/β₅).

293 Cell Engineering

293 cells naturally express α_(v)β₁, α₂β₁, α5β₁, and α₆β₁ with little or no detectable α_(v)β₃ (Bodary & McLean, J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 265 (1990) 5938). Cells were transfected using LipofectAMINE according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) with β₃ or β₅ cDNA in the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen Corporation) which confers Neomycin resistance (Southern, P. J. And Berg, P., J. Mol. Appl. Gen., Vol. 1 (1982) 327).

Individual clones were generated by limiting dilution and expanded in the presence of antibiotic. High expression levels of α_(v)β₃ or α_(v)β₅ were confirmed by flow cytometry using the α_(v)β₃ complex-specific mAb LM609 (Chemicon, Temecula, Calif.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 84 (1987) 6471 and the α_(v)β₅ complex-specific antibody P1F6 (GIBCO).

Osteoclast Adhesion Assay

Rabbit osteoclasts were obtained from the fore and hind limb bones of 5 day old rabbit pups. Skin and muscle were removed from bones and the bones were pulverized in α MEM containing 20 mM Hepes pH 7.0 and 1% BSA. Clumps of tissue and the released cells were resuspended in α MEM containing 20 mM Hepes pH 7.0 and 1% BSA, clumps of cells were allowed to sediment at unit gravity and the osteoclast containing supernatant was removed and diluted in α MEM & 20 mM Hepes & 1% BSA.

Human osteopontin (OPN) was produced recombinantly as previously described. 96-well plates (Immulon-2, Dynatech, Chantilly, Va.) were coated with 5 μg/ml OPN in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl₂, pH 7.4 (TS) overnight at 4° C. Unreacted sites were blocked with 1% BSA in TS, 200 μl/well) for 2 hours at 37° C. Plates were washed 3 times with TS buffer and 100 μl/well of antibodies diluted in α MEM & 20 mM Hepes & 1% BSA were added. Diluted osteoclasts, 100 μl/well, were added to plates and plates were incubated for 60 min at 37° C. Plates were washed 3 times with a MEM & 1% BSA and 100 μl/well of NPP/Tartrate Lysis Buffer (50 mM sodium acetate, 0.5% triton X-100, 0.25 mg/ml p-Nitrophenyl phosphate and 6.7 mM tartrate) was added and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. Finally, 0.1 N NaOH (50 μl/well) was added and the absorbance at 405 nM determined. The number of cells bound/well were determined by reference to a standard curve generated with known numbers of cells.

Endothelial Cell Proliferation Assay

Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells were purchased from Clonetics (San Diego, Calif.) and used for experiments at passages 3-10. Cells were grown in gelatin-coated (1 mg/ml) flasks and maintained in MCDB 131 (Gibco), 5% FBS (Hyclone) 100 μl/ml mitogen (Biomedical Technologies), 100 μl/ml porcine intestinal heparin (Sigma) 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin/100 μg/ml streptomycin (Gibco) at 37° C., 5% CO₂.

For proliferation experiments, 10 ng/mL human bFGF (R&D Systems) was used in place of mitogen and the final concentration of heparin was reduced to 80 μg/mL. Cells were harvested from flasks by trypsinization and plated at 4-6×10³ cells/well (100 μl/well) onto 96 well microtiter plates precoated with osteopontin (10 μg/ml in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; 100 μl/well). The cells were incubated for 2 hrs at 37° C. to allow cell attachment and then monoclonal antibodies (at various concentrations) were added directly to the wells. The plates were returned to the incubator and were grown for ˜4 days (˜80% confluence) with refeeding every other day. On the final day the cells were supplied fresh medium (not containing antibodies) and proliferation was monitored by adding the REDOX indicator Alamar Blue (Biosource International) in an amount equal to 10% of the culture volume. The plates were incubated for an additional 4-5 hrs and fluorescence at 545/575 nm (excitation/emission) was measured using a PANDEX Fluorescence Concentration Analyzer. The final data was expressed as a percentage of inhibition (comparing antibody treated cells to untreated cells).

Other variations and modifications of this invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. This invention is not limited except as set forth in the claims. 

We claim:
 1. A method for treating tumor metastasis of breast carcinoma, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an anti-α_(v)β₃ integrin monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of P113-7D6 (HB-12224), P112-4C1 (HB-12225), P113-12A6 (HB-12226), P112-11D2 (HB12227), P112-10D4 (HB-12228) and P113-1F3 (HB-12229).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody is specific for the α_(v)β₃ complex.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the metastasis is from a human tumor cell.
 4. A method of treating metastasis from a tumor containing human (breast carcinoma) cells, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an anti-α_(v)β₃ integrin monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of P113-7D6 (HB-12224), P112-4C1 (HB-12225), P113-12A6 (HB-12226), P112-11D2 (HB-12227), P112-10D4 (HB-12228) and P113-1F3 (HB-12229).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the monoclonal antibody is complex specific.
 6. A method for inhibiting tumor metastasis of breast carcinoma, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an anti-α_(v)β₃ integrin monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of P113-7D6 (HB-12224), P112-4C1 (HB-12225), P113-12A6 (HB-12226), P112-11D2 (HB-12227), P112-10D4 (HB-12228) and P113-1F3 (HB-12229).
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the monoclonal antibody is complex specific.
 8. A method for inhibiting metastasis from a tumor containing human breast carcinoma, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an anti-α_(v)β₃ integrin monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of P113-7D6 (HB-12224), P112-4C1 (HB-12225), P113-12A6 (HB-12226), P112-11D2 (HB-12227), P112-10D4 (HB-12228) and P113-1F3 (HB-12229).
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the monoclonal antibody is complex specific.
 10. The method of any one of claims 1, 4, 6 or 8, wherein the monoclonal antibody is administered by a mode selected from the group consisting of intravenous, interperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal and subcutaneous. 